An investigation of paradoxical memory effects  

Oleh:

Hirshman, Elliot ; Palij, Michael ; Whelley, M. Margaret

Jenis: Article from Journal - ilmiah internasional
Dalam koleksi: Journal of Memory and Language (Full Text) vol. 28 no. 5 (Oct. 1989), page 594-609.
Fulltext: 28_05_Hirshman_Whelley_Palij.pdf (1.37MB)

Ketersediaan

Perpustakaan PKBB Nomor Panggil: 405/JML/28 Non-tandon: tidak ada Tandon: 1

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Isi artikel

The expectation-violation effect (Hirshman, 1988, J. Memory Language, 27, 40-58) occurs when weakly related word pairs are better remembered than strongly-related word pairs following intentional learning. Hirshman (op. cit.) claimed that surprise responses to weakly related pairs caused the expectation-violation effect. This paper specifies this hypothesis further and demonstrates that the bizarre-imagery effect (McDaniel & Einstein, 1986, J. Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 12, 54-65) is also a member of the class of expectation-violation effects. Specifically, bizarre sentences are better remembered than normal sentences because surprise responses to bizarre sentences increase the association of items in bizarre sentences to general contextual cues. The utility of the current theory is in explaining two seemingly unrelated effects with a simple theoretical mechanism. Four initial experiments demonstrate that the bizarre-imagery effect and the expectation-violation effect obey the same empirical regularities. Two further implications of the claim that the bizarre-imagery effect is a member of the class of expectation violation effects are then tested. Two experiments demonstrate that the bizarre-imagery effect can occur without imaginal encoding instructions and that it disappears when subjects are informed of the presence of bizarre sentences in the study list.

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