| Typhoid fever in Indonesia was an endemic disease and a serious public health Problem. The incidence of typhoid fever in Indonesia was estimated as the highest in the world. From several studies, it could be concluded that typhoid fever could be contracted by anyone at anytime. Factors such as knowledge, socio-economic status, sanitation, and hygiene played the main roles in the incidence of typhoid fever in Indonesia. Typhoid fever caused a lot of disadvantages such as expenses for hospitalization, productivity disturbances and undetected carriers, which could cause higher transmission rate. The high incidence of typhoid fever and the disadvantages had shown that there was a need to control and prevent typhoid fever and its spreading in Indonesia. There were several strategies such as identification and eradication of Salmonella, prevention of transmission from infected or inadequately treated patients, vaccination, health promotion and facilities improvements. From prior studies, we knew that there were a lot of problem in preventing and controlling typhoid fever. Firstly, the incidence of typhoid fever might be higher than the result of studies due to the lack of good reporting-recording system. Secondly, it was hard to give prompt treatment for typhoid fever patients due to the lack of identification facilities like laboratory equipment and antibiotic resistance. Thirdly, a long continuously health promotion activities and facilities improvement were needed to change the behavior and heightened the community life style. Finally there was still no recommendation for routine vaccination program, the age recommendation was still a need to be evaluated. Several studies showed that there was a need of vaccination for younger children due to a high incidence of typhoid fever in younger children. One study showed that vaccine trial in infants could give 79% protection. There was also a study, which showed that vaccination before outbreak could give 73% protection and vaccination during outbreak could give 71% protection. Another study showed that the type of vaccine could influence the efficacy of vaccine. From above description, it could be concluded that there was a need of an epidemiological study, laboratory study and vaccination improvement study. |