Biological Sensitivity to Context : I. An Evolutionary-Developmental Theory of The Origins and Functions of Stress Reactivity  

Oleh:

Ellis, Bruce J. ; Boyce, W. Thomas

Jenis: Article from Journal - ilmiah internasional
Dalam koleksi: Development and Psychopathology vol. 17 no. 2 (2005), page 271-302.
Topik: stress; stress reactivity; origins; developmental theory; biological sensitivity
Fulltext: DD21_17_02_W. THOMAS BOYCE.pdf (228.1KB)

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Perpustakaan Pusat (Semanggi) Nomor Panggil: DD21.8 Non-tandon: 1 (dapat dipinjam: 0) Tandon: tidak ada

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Biological reactivity to psychological stressors comprises a complex, integrated, and highly conversed repertoire if central neural and peripheral neuroendocrine responses designed to prepare the organism for challenge or threat. Developmental experience olays a role, along with heritable, polygenic variation, in calibrating the response dynamics of these systems, with early adversity biasing their combined effects toward a profile of heightened or prolonged reactivity. Conventional views of such high reactivity suggest that it is an atavistic and pathogenic legacy of an evolutionary past in which threats to survival were more prevalent and severe. Recent evidence, however, indicates that : a. stress reacitivty is not a unitary process, but rather incorporates counterregulatory circuits serving to modify of temper physiological arousal, and b. the effects of high reacitivity phenotypes on psychiatric and biomedical outcomes are bivalent, rather than univalent, in character, exerting both risk - augmenting and risk - protective effects in a context - dependent manner. These observations suggest that heightened stress reactivity may reflect, not simply exahherated arousal under challenge, but rather an increased biological sensitivity to context, with potential for negative health effects under conditions of adversity and positive effects under conditions of support and protection. From an evolutionary perspective, the developmental plasticity of the stress reponse systems, along with their strductured, context - dependent effects, suggests that these systems may constitute conditional adaptations : evolved psychobiological mechanisms that monitor specific features of childhood environments as a basis for calibrating the development of stress response systems to adaptively match those environments. Taken together, these theoretical perspectives generate a novel hypothesis : that there is a curvilinear. U - shaped relation between early exposures to adversity and the development of stress - reactive profiles, with high reactivity phenotypes disproportionately emerging within both highly stressful and highly protected early social environments.

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