Patterns of variation of final [-?], [-h], and [ø] in Jakarta Indonesian  

Oleh:

Kurniawan, Ferdinan Okki

Jenis: Article from Proceeding
Dalam koleksi: KOLITA 17: Konferensi Linguistik Tahunan Atma Jaya Ketujuh Belas Tingkat Internasional, page 156.
Topik: Jakarta Indonesian; Standard Indonesian; Betawi; phonology; sound change; variation
Fulltext: 156.Ferdinan Okki Kurniawan.pdf (221.07KB)

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Perpustakaan PKBB Nomor Panggil: 406 KLA 17 Non-tandon: tidak ada Tandon: 1

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Based on the observed patterns of variation in final [-?], [-h], and [Ø] in function words, my study offers a case study of linguistic contact between Betawi and Standard Indonesian (SI) that together contribute to an emergence of a new variety of Indonesian called Jakarta Indonesian (JI). There are nine function words investigated: ini (ni) ‘this’, nya ‘DET/POSS’, itu (tu) ‘that’, begitu (gitu) ‘like that’, iya (ya) ‘yes’, jadi ‘become’, saya ‘1SG’, ya (question tag), lagi ‘progressive.’ These function words are all those ending in [-?], [-h], or [Ø] among the top fifty most frequently produced words in Gil et al’s (2015) corpus. Their patterns of variation are [ini] ~ [inih], [itu] ~ [ituh], [b?gitu] ~ [b?gituh], [ija] ~ [ijah] ~ [ija?], [d??adi] ~ [d??adi?], [saja] ~ [sajah], [ja] ~ [jah] ~ [ja?], [lagi] ~ [lagih] ~ [lagi?]. Wallace (1976) mentioned that the forms with final [??] occurred historically in rural Betawi as the result of contact with Sundanese. Meanwhile, the forms with final [-h] were probably used to fulfill the coda position in the minimum syllable –VC# requirement. The final [Ø] form is likely due to SI influence where final [-h] and [-?] do not occur for the words listed. Interestingly, this investigation found that non-linguistic socio-indexical factors, namely gender and education, help determining account in part for their patterns of variation. In general, the variant with final [Ø] form occurred more robustly in the speech of adult speakers of a higher educational level. The variant with final [Ø], the SI influenced form, has exerted influence on certain function words produced by JI speakers. We have found that female speakers produced more variants with final [Ø] than male speakers, and speakers of higher educational background produced more final [Ø] than speakers of lower educational category. The results from the corpus show new evidence of a complex blend of SI and Betawi in the speech of JI speakers. The influence of SI on the speech of JI speakers is clearly observed in the high occurrence of variants with final [Ø] found in most function words, while the remnants of Betawi are seen most robustly in higher rate of final [-?] and [-h] among male speakers of lower educational background. Using large-scale speech corpora, my study provides evidence of sound changes in progress that are taking place, their direction, and how they are adapted by both genders, and the various age and social groups represented in the corpus. This current study shows the importance of the naturalistic speech corpora in studying the emergence of a new variety, namely JI. The patterns of variation found in the naturalistic speech corpora enable us to learn more about how a new variety gradually emerged due to linguistic contact between varieties.

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