Terms of Address Used by the Chinese-Indonesian in Tangerang: A Case of Cultural Assimilation  

Oleh:

SUKENDRA, IRMALA

Jenis: Article from Proceeding
Dalam koleksi: KOLITA 14 : Konferensi Linguistik Tahunan Atma Jaya Keempat Belas, page 409-413.
Topik: Terms of address; Chinese-Indonesian; Hokkian; Sundanese; Kinship; Fa; mily position
Fulltext: hal 409-413.pdf (18.75MB)

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Term of address is the word or words used to address somebody in speech or writing. Terms of address refers to any linguistic type to refer to address hearer(s) that can appear in the form of personal names, titles, kinship terms, or personal pronouns that may be used separately or simultaneously. Many cross-cultural studies have been conducted on terms of address. Terms of address in Chinese, for example, was investigated by Chen (2010). He said that in Chinese, kinship address can be divided into two types: address of relatives and address of the non-blood. The extending of kinship address is very common and the whole society can be related by kinship address. Similarly, Gao (2013) asserted that Chinese people think highly of hierarchy, which stresses the distinction of different class levels, such as the difference between the superiors and inferiors, the older and the younger. In modern Chinese, relative titles can also indicate people’s status. On her study over the Chinese-Indonesian in Surabaya, Kuntjara (2009) found that Chinese terms show more closeness and respect among the Chinese community but is lack of respect based on profession. In Tangerang area, a variety of terms of address is used in accordance to the addressee and the context of the conversation. Chinese-Indonesian people in Tangerang are known to be unable to speak Mandarin. They use Bahasa Indonesia which is highly influenced by Tangerang-Sundanese. Some terms and words are mixed, blended, borrowed, and adopted from either Hokkian or Tangerang-Sundanese. However, kinship terms are maintained in Chinese-Hokkian and blended with Sundanese to reflect relatives' precise positions in a family structure (esp. in nuclear family and between those under similar grandparents) in Chinese-Indonesian in Tangerang; whereas the Sundanese in Tangerang use Sundanese, and thus address terms vary accordingly. This study aims to investigate how culture (of Sundanese and Chinese) shaped the terms of address which are used by Chinese-Indonesian in Tangerang inhabitants and to find out how the two cultures assimilated and affect the terms of address used. It is found that Chinese-Indonesian in Tangerang use terms of address in Hokkian which are used to address the hierarchical order of older siblings and mixed them with Sundanese to show the hierarchical order of younger siblings. The terms of kinship used by Chinese-Indonesian in Tangerang is preferred as a means of sustaining their Chineseness at the same time to blend with the Sundanese which can be seen in the way the kinship terms are a combination of Chinese and Sundanese system of addressing the kinship. The concern taken to assign Chinese labeling for older relatives can also be interpreted as their supposition that their ancestors were Chinese (usually from paternal side, which is then considered to be higher) compared to relatives from mother’s side which are addressed using mixed term of Chinese-Hokkian and Sundanese.

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