Association of placenta organotin concentrations with congenital cryptorchidism and reproductive hormone levels in 280 newborn boys from Denmark and Finland  

Oleh:

Rantakokko, Panu ; Main, Katharina M. ; Wohlfart-Veje, Christine ; Kiviranta, Hannu ; Airaksinen, Riikka

Jenis: Article from Journal - ilmiah internasional
Dalam koleksi: Human Reproduction vol. 28 no. 06 (Jun. 2013), page 1647-1660.
Topik: placenta ; cryptorchidism ; infant ; organotin compounds ; tributyltin

Ketersediaan

Perpustakaan FK Nomor Panggil: H07.K.2013.02 Non-tandon: 1 (dapat dipinjam: 0) Tandon: tidak ada

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Isi artikel

STUDY QUESTION Is the placental burden of organotin compounds (OTCs) associated with congenital cryptorchidism in infant offspring from Finland and Denmark? SUMMARY ANSWER Increasing concentrations of OTCs had a negative association with cryptorchidism in Finland, whereas a positive association was found in Denmark. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The rapid increase in the prevalence of cryptorchidism suggests that environmental factors, such as endocrine disruptors, may be involved. OTCs are endocrine disruptors at very low concentrations due to activation of the retinoid X receptor (RXR). STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Between the years 1997 and 2001, placentas from mothers of cryptorchid boys and from healthy controls were collected from Denmark (39 cases, 129 controls) and Finland (56 cases, 56 controls). In Denmark 33 and 6 boys, and in Finland 22 and 34 boys had mild or severe cryptorchidism, respectively. The association between concentrations of four OTCs [monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPhT)] and case–control status was estimated. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS In both countries, placenta samples were selected from larger cohorts. In Finland placenta samples were collected from boys with cryptorchidism at birth and matched controls (nested case–control design). Matching criteria were parity, maternal smoking (yes/no), diabetes (yes/no), gestational age (±7 days) and date of birth (±14 days). Numbers of controls per case was 1. In Denmark, all available placentas from cryptorchid boys were chosen and control placentas were selected randomly from the total Danish cohort (case-cohort design). The average number of controls per case was 3.3. OTCs in placenta samples were analysed with liquid extraction, ethylation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination and coded by country-specific tertiles. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Generally, the concentrations of OTCs were very low. For most analytes, a large proportion of samples (29–96% depending on the country and case–control status) had OTC concentrations below the limit of quantification (LOQ). As an exception, the concentration of TBT was >LOQ in 99% of Finnish placentas. The mean concentrations of DBT and TBT were 1.5 and 7 times higher in Finland than in Denmark, respectively. For DBT in Danish placentas, the odds ratio (OR) for cryptorchidism in the second tertile (0.10–0.14 ng/g) when compared with the first tertile (<0.10 ng/g,

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