Gambling on Nation-Building: American Indians  

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Jenis: Article from Bulletin/Magazine
Dalam koleksi: The Economist (http://search.proquest.com/) vol. 403 no. 8779 (Apr. 2012), page 37-38.
Topik: Native North Americans; Native Business Enterprises; Native Reservations; Casinos; Legalized Gambling; Sovereignty; Federal Legislation

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Perpustakaan Pusat (Semanggi) Nomor Panggil: EE29.71 Non-tandon: 1 (dapat dipinjam: 0) Tandon: tidak ada

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America's constitution names three sovereigns: the federal government, states and tribes. The "treaties" America signed with tribes in the 18th and 19th centuries also implied sovereign parties. After 1851, when the first modern Indian reservations were created, the policy was to contain them in what one Indian author has called "red ghettos" for their widespread poverty, unemployment, alcoholism and crime. In theory, this changed in 1934 with an act of Congress nicknamed the Indian New Deal. It endorsed a degree of self-rule for Indian tribes, while urging them to form tribal constitutions similar to America's own. But in practice federal paternalism continued. Native American religions, for example, were persecuted until the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 at last put a stop to it. The biggest step towards de facto sovereignty came in 1975, with the Indian Self-Determination Act. It made possible the biggest economic change of the past century, the entry of tribes into the gaming business. In 1987 the court decided that tribes, being sovereign, could not be barred from running casinos. The next year Congress wrote a law that explicitly allowed Indian gambling. Soon tribes all over the country built casinos. In 2010, estimates Alan Meister, an economist, Indian casinos took in $26.7 billion, about 44% of America's total casino revenue. Almost half of the tribes--239 out of the 565--are now at it. When the proceeds are used wisely--to build schools, provide health care, and so forth--gambling can indeed help.

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