Emile Zola against Malthusianism  

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Jenis: Article from Journal - ilmiah internasional
Dalam koleksi: Population and Development Review vol. 26 no. 1 (Mar. 2000), page 145-152 .
Topik: Emile Zola against Malthusianism; heredity and environment.

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Fertility declined in France earlier than in the rest of Western Europe and remained lower than that of its neighbors throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth. France's birth rate in 1900 was around 22 per 1000, compared to about 29 in Britain and 35 in Germany. Worry over depopulation, absolute or relative, has long been a staple element of French population thought. In the late nineteenth century, that concern was expressed in scholarly but vigorous works like Arsene Dumont's Depopulation et civilisation (1890) and Natalite et democratie (1898) and in political activism through the National Alliance for the Growth of the French Population. Other population ideas, not always compatible, were current as well- most notably, variants of Malthusianism. This was also a time of ferment in social policy debate over the implications of new ideas about public health and hygiene and about heredity and environment. While supporters and opponents of Malthusian views could often be identified with the political right and left, combating depopulation was the cause of all. Equally, imperial ambition was not confined to one side of politics: few contradictions were seen between socialism at home and colonization abroad. (French territorial ambi- tions at this time looked particularly to North and West Africa.) Unsurprisingly, many of these themes also cropped up in contemporary nov- els-among them, those of Emile Zola. Born in 1840 of Italian and French parents, Zola was one of the best-known writers of his time. His many novels include Nana (1880) and Germinal (1885). He is most celebrated, however, for his passionate open letter J'accuse (1898), denouncing the French high command over the Dreyfus Affair. (Alfred Dreyfus, an army officer, was wrongfully convicted of treason in an atmosphere of anti-Semitism-a judgment eventually reversed.) Always somewhat of a propagandist, Zola, in temporary exile in the after- math of this intervention, embarked on a cycle offour novels on the themes offertil- ity, work, truth, and justice. Fecondite (Paris: Charpentier-Fasquelle, 1899) was

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