Acinetobacter sp. was widely known as environmental microorganisms (i.e soil and water), especially in hospital setting. It has low virulence. Nonetheless, this Coccobacili Gram - negative bacteria has emerging as an important nosocomial or Health-care Associated Infection (HAI) agent. Acinetobacter sp. has isolated from various clinical specimens. Differentiating between colonization and infection was challenging when Acinetobacter sp. was revealed from non sterile sites such as sputum and open wound.
More than 10 species of Acinetobacter sp. have been reported, Acinetobacter baumannii {A. baumannii) is one of the frequent ones such as A. calcoaceticus, A. anitratus and A, iwoffi . A. baumannii was non fastidious microbe that easily to grow in routinely media used in many microbiology laboratories. A. baumannii as the cause of Blood Stream Infection (BSI) in military medical facilities was blooming reported from Iraq in 2004. Moreover, report of persistence of A. baumannii in clinical specimens especially from blood for more than 5 years periods in Indonesia were also attracted. Fenotype or genotype approachment was widely done to assess HAI cases. Figure out the spreading of particular strains is one of risks assessment or epidemiological purposes. Hence, when outbreak noted, tracing the route of transmission is more easily to performed.
A. baumannii has substantial resistance mechanisms to many antibiotics, thus make it as Multi Drug Resistance and certainly make difficulties in treatment. Some genes or gene families played in resistance mechanisms, then producing enzymes i.e. SHV, OXA, TEM, etc. Infection control program, local mapping of genes responsible in resistance mechanisms and explore the new agent of antimicrobial or optimization the available antimicrobial drugs for A. baumannii were valuable to conduct in advance. |