Japan : Teaching Reduced Forms : Putting the Horse before the Cart  

Oleh:

Norris, Robert W.

Jenis: Article from Bulletin/Magazine
Dalam koleksi: ENGLISH TEACHING FORUM (http://exchanges.state.gov/englishteaching/forum/archives.html) vol. 33 no. 3 (Jul. 1995), page 47.
Fulltext: Teaching Reduced Forms Putting the Horse before the Cart.pdf (247.61KB)

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Perpustakaan Pusat (Semanggi) Nomor Panggil: EE34.7 Non-tandon: 1 (dapat dipinjam: 0) Tandon: tidak ada

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In recent years much research and discussion has been carried out concerning what processes are involved in listening comprehension and how this pertains to teaching. It is generally agreed that there are two distinct, but complementary processes: "bottom-up" and "top-down." Bottom-up processing refers to decoding the sounds of a language into words, clauses, sentences, etc. and using one's knowledge of grammatical or syntactic rules to interpret meaning. Top-down processing refers to using background knowledge or previous knowledge of the situation, context, and topic to experience to anticipate, predict, and infer meaning. Native speakers obviously have a cultural advantage in this regard.

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