Solid-state tests for transformers  

Oleh:

Kopp, Alvin ; Orr, Mitchel

Jenis: Article from Bulletin/Magazine - ilmiah internasional
Dalam koleksi: Machine Design (Soft Copy ada dalam http://search.proquest.com/) vol. 81 no. 13 (Jul. 2009), page 60.
Topik: Transformers; Solid-State ac Power Sources; Windings

Ketersediaan

Perpustakaan Pusat (Semanggi) Nomor Panggil: MM44.59 Non-tandon: 1 (dapat dipinjam: 0) Tandon: tidak ada

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Manufacturers test thousands of distribution transformers at worldwide locations each week. The primary incentive is to make sure the transformers meet manufacturing specifications. But there is an economic factor as well. Companies that make large distribution transformers that fail to meet minimum load-loss specifications can face penalties of up to $5,000 for every kilowatt of load loss exceeding the guaranteed value. In addition, a transformer that suddenly jumps in load loss indicates the device is starting to break down and should be replaced before total failure occurs. Load loss is the small amount of energy consumed by the transformer as it moves main power from primary to secondary windings. It can come from resistance loss in the windings due to load current, magnetic loss due to stray fluxes in the windings, core clamps, circulating currents in parallel windings, and other factors. The term “small” is relative to the overall power that the transformers handle. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that transformer losses account for 60 to 80 billion kW-hr annually. That’s the equivalent of nine days of U.S. generating capacity annually at a cost of $3 to $4 billion.

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