Detail Ecotourism, NGOs and Development : A critical analysis Bibliografi Author: Butcher, Jim Topik: Ecotourism Bahasa: (EN )    ISBN: 0–203–96207–9     Penerbit: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group     Tempat Terbit: New York    Tahun Terbit: 2007     Jenis: Books - E-Book Fulltext: Butcher, Ecotourism, NGOs and Development. A critical analysis (Contempory Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility).pdf (988.6KB; 1 download) Abstract The year 2002 was significant in the rise of ecotourism from trendy market niche to green development strategy. This year was designated as the International Year of Ecotourism (IYE) by the United Nations (UN), an event that marked out the arrival of ecotourism as exemplary sustainable development in the rural developing world, a view now endorsed by the highest level of global governance. The event had many vocal critics. The fear that ecotourism would be equally as destructive as the mainstream tourism industry was a prominent theme. Anita Pleumaron of the Third World Network’s Tourism Monitoring Center feared the event may ‘encourage all holidaymakers to become ecotourists, resulting in hordes of travellers invading villages and protected areas’, a scenario that ‘could not be called “sustainable” and would create more undesirable impacts to add to the vast problems already found in existing organised tourism’ (Pleumaron undated). Nina Rao, southern co-chair of the NGO Tourism Caucus at the UN Commission for Sustainable Development concurred: ‘I really think this is going to be worse than the launch of package tours to the Third World’ (cited in Pleumaron undated). This opposition fitted the common pattern of criticism of ecotourism – that it is, or threatens to be, a Trojan horse piercing the defences of erstwhile pristine environments and indigenous cultures. Further, fears that ecotourism may ‘open the doors to more forest destruction’ (Pleumaron undated), ‘destroy more biodiversity and harm more local communities’ (Ling, cited in Pleumaron undated) or promote ‘opportunities for a whole range of investors to gain access to remote rural forest, coastal and marine areas’ (ibid.) were characteristic of the opposition to the UN’s initiative. Conspicuous by its absence was any voice pointing out that ecotourism offers only the most meagre prospects for economic development for impoverished societies. Neither did anyone point out that the problems created by ecotourism can be viewed as a product of too little and too partial a development, or by poverty itself, rather than too much rapacious development in the fashion suggested by the critics cited above. This characteristic of the debate is not surprising in that thoroughgoing, transformative economic development – development that has the capacity to change the way societies relate to the natural world through modern technology – has been ruled out of order through a particular, ecocentric interpretation of ‘sustainable development’, one that is routinely characterised by an insistence on a localised harmony, or ‘symbiosis’, between human needs and the environment. Notably, the heat generated by the fraught debate over the merits of ecotourism focuses around operational features, rather than questions of principle. Some argue the community needs more say in the development of ecotourism projects, others argue that environmental considerations may lack priority, and others still remain suspicious of a global industry such as tourism even when wrapped in the green aura of ecotourism. Yet the ideology behind ecotourism – that sustainable development involves a mutually reinforcing, or symbiotic, localised relationship between people and environment – is shared across all protagonists in the debate. It is this ideology that this study takes issue with. It is an ideology that, while rhetorically people centred, stressing ‘empowerment’ and ‘community’, involves tying the development prospects for these same people to severe localised natural limits . . . in the name of sustainable development. The ideas expressed are contrary to received wisdom in some circles. It is hoped that they will contribute to a greater emphasis on the possibilities for development well beyond the localised ‘natural’ limits that underpin the advocacy of ecotourism as sustainable development . . . limits that are better regarded as social, and hence impermanent. The author wishes to thank Pete Smith, Professor Kevin Hannam, Barbara Smith, Joanna Williams, the interviewees featured in the book and others who have discussed the ideas in the course of their developmen Opini Anda Klik untuk menuliskan opini Anda tentang koleksi ini! Lihat Sejarah Pengadaan  Konversi Metadata   Kembali

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