Using a Cognitive Architecture for Addressing the Question of Cognitive Universals in Cross-Cultural Psychology: The Example of Awalé  

Oleh:

Gobet, Fernand

Jenis: Article from Journal - ilmiah internasional
Dalam koleksi: Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology (http://journals.sagepub.com/home/jcca) vol. 40 no. 4 (Jul. 2009), page 627.
Topik: awalé; chess; chunking; cognitive architecture; cross-cultural psychology; expertise; short-term memory; universality of processes
Fulltext: JCCP_40_04_627.pdf (1.47MB)

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Perpustakaan Pusat (Semanggi) Nomor Panggil: JJ86.22 Non-tandon: 1 (dapat dipinjam: 0) Tandon: tidak ada

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A central theme in cross-cultural psychology is the extent to which cognitive mechanisms are universal, or, alternatively, are specific to a given culture. A new way to tackle this question is proposed: to use the same cognitive architecture, implemented as a computer program, for simulating phenomena in which individuals from different cultures perform a task familiar to their own culture. The CHREST architecture has simulated a number of empirical phenomena related to the Western board game of chess. Here, we show that a model implemented in the same architecture accounts for several phenomena in awalé, a board game from the mancala family, which is commonly played in western Africa and in the Caribbean. CHREST first learns chunks by scanning expert-level games and then is placed in memory experiments and problem-solving situations similar to those used with human youngsters. The model replicates empirical phenomena on memory for awalé positions reasonably well, although not perfectly, and also learns to play a fair, but far from perfect game using pattern recognition. The assumptions that learning is mediated by the acquisition of a large number of chunks and that the capacity of visual short-term memory is limited to three chunks are important in explaining the empirical data for the two games. The implications for theory development in cross-cultural psychology are discussed.

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